We mentioned before about the \(+ c\) term. We are now going to look at how to find the value of \(c\) when additional information is given in the question.

We were always taught that the fundamental passive components were resistors, capacitors, and inductors. But in 1971, [Leon Chua] introduced the idea of a memristor — a sort of resistor with memory.

When integrating simple expressions, the constant of integration, the \(+ c\) term, may remain an unknown. The value of \(c\) can be worked out when additional information is given in the question, .

We all know how differential equations are a crucial part of engineering design and analysis. We have some powerful software tools for this today. Well, here is what led up to our modern analysis ...