A Three-Layer Cooling Revolution: Keeping Tiny Electronics from Overheating As our gadgets get smaller and more powerful, they also get hotter. From smartphones and laptops to next-generation chips, heat buildup has become one of the biggest challenges in electronics design. Too much heat can slow performance, cause malfunctions, and even shorten a device’s lifespan. To combat this, engineers have long used cooling systems—fans, heat sinks, and even liquid cooling—to draw heat away from delicate